by John Darer CLU ChFC MSSC CeFT RSP CLTC
Are Factored Structured Settlement Receivables a Qualified Funding Asset?
Do you have a structured settlement or structured attorney fee sold to you by a settlement planner, sourcing the money from a qualified settlement fund, using the settlement planner's qualified assignment company and funded with someone else's structured settlement payments? If so you may want to check the papers and perhaps speak with your accountant.
The Apparent Steps in the Purported Qualified Assignment
- Defendant, or its Insurer, has paid money in to a qualified settlement fund in exchange for a general release.
- A periodic payment obligation is created based on the availability of other people's structured settlements offered for sale in the structured settlement secondary market.
- A Qualified Assignment and Release is executed by the Plaintiff/Payee or Attorney/Payee, the settlement planner's Delaware based qualified assignment company and the qualified settlement fund (related, unrelated or possibly administered by the plaintiff's settlement planning firm)
- The Qualified Assignment Release represents that the" Qualified Funding Asset" is Annuity
- The Qualified Assignment and Release represents that the "Issuer of Qualified Funding Asset" is a Life Insurance Company that issues structured settlement annuities that the settlement planner's firm holds an agency appointment with.
- The Qualified Assignment and Release states "In exchange for "legal payment rights" pursuant to 5891 of the IRC, to the Periodic Payments specified in Paragraph ____, Claimant hereby releases and forever discharges the defendant/s and/or the Respondents with regard to the Periodic Payments and agrees only to look to (Name of Settlement Planner's Delaware qualified assignment company) for satisfaction of the obligation to pay periodic payments.
- But the Qualified Assignment and Release also states " In the event of notice of an application to any court for the transfer of payment rights established under this agreement, (Name of Settlement Planner's Delaware Qualified Assignment Company) reserves the right to effectuate a transfer of ownership of the " Qualified Funding Asset(s) to the Claimant/Payee. Upon the transfer of ownership to Claimant and/or Payee, this contract shall terminate.
My first reaction was "Holy Conflated Musical Chairs Batman!" If you have entered into one of these agreements, perhaps you should simply be asking "What the F*** is going on?"
Before we dig deep into that, let's get into the background of qualified assignments and what should be happening when there is a qualified assignment.
What is a Qualified Funding Asset?
Background
For the purpose of this discussion let's assume that we are speaking about a structured settlement which represents payment of damages for personal physical injury or physical sickness. [i.e. qualifies for the income tax exclusion under IRC 104(a)(2)]. Most structured settlements are created via what is known as a qualified assignment. The following chart displays the sequence of events that take place when a typical structured settlement is created.
The term "qualified funding asset", is defined at Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 130(d), which states:
"For purposes of this section, the term “qualified funding asset” means any annuity contract issued by a company licensed to do business as an insurance company under the laws of any State, or any obligation of the United States, if—
- such annuity contract or obligation is used by the assignee to fund periodic payments under any qualified assignment,
- the periods of the payments under the annuity contract or obligation are reasonably related to the periodic payments under the qualified assignment, and the amount of any such payment under the contract or obligation does not exceed the periodic payment to which it relates,
- such annuity contract or obligation is designated by the taxpayer (in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe) as being taken into account under this section with respect to such qualified assignment, and
- such annuity contract or obligation is purchased by the taxpayer not more than 60 days before the date of the qualified assignment and not later than 60 days after the date of such assignment".
Why I Am Concerned About the Settlement Planner's Methodology. Should You Be?
- The settlement planner's own assignment company's Qualified Assignment and Release document referred to releasing the Defendants or Respondents. For defendants, an important element of a qualified settlement fund is that it can remove them and their insurers from decisions that must be made post settlement [the "resolve or satisfy rule"]. The qualified settlement fund allows for the defendants to pay cash into the fund in exchange for a general release. Thus, post General Release, why would they need to be released again in the Qualified Assignment and Release?
- Internal Revenue Code Section 5891 refers to structured settlement payment rights not "legal payment rights". Structured settlement payment rights are defined at IRC 5891(c)(2) as "rights to receive payments under a structured settlement". The term "legal payment rights" appears nowhere in IRC 5891.
- A structured settlement factoring transaction does not involve the sale of an annuity.
- A structured settlement factoring transaction is defined at IRC 5891(c)(3)(A) as a "transfer of structured settlement payment rights (including portions of structured settlement payments) made for consideration by means of sale, assignment, pledge, or other form of encumbrance or alienation for consideration"
- Structured settlement payment rights are also known as " factored structured settlement payment streams". Acquired structured settlement payment rights are not an annuity according to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners in Statutory Issue Paper 160.
- Beside the NAIC exclusion of acquired structured settlement payments as not being a covered annuity contract, none of the cash flows are filed with the Department of Insurance in your state. The Departments of Insurance specifically don't regulate factoring because the purchase and sale of cash flows is not the business of insurance.
- If the settlement planner's Delaware qualified assignment company, the taxpayer intended by the statute, has "designated" such factored structured settlement payment stream "an annuity contract" when it isn't, as appears to the case here "(in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe) as being taken into account under this section with respect to such qualified assignment", then wouldn't, or shouldn't, there' be an IRS concern?
A 2017 legal decision in Delaware, the domicile of the settlement planner's qualified assignment company, supports an opinion that the settlement planner's representation of factored structured settlement payment streams as an annuity is a bald- faced lie:
In a March 29, 2017 decision in Greenwald v Caballero-Goehringer, Delaware Superior Court C.A. No. K14C-04-027 JJC. a Delaware Superior Court judge rejected an attempt to portray structured settlement payment rights as an annuity in a minor's prove up hearing, stating. "The proposed "structured settlement" was described in the Third Petition as a structure to be purchased through a third party to be facilitated by a Houston, Texas law firm. The "annuity" proposed by the Petitioner was in fact a "receivable purchase agreement" which involved purchase of the rights of payment of a structured personal injury settlement from a California injured party having nothing to do with this case. In other words, the annuitant in the proposed plan facilitated by the Texas law firm was the California claimant, not the Minor. Furthermore, despite the Petitioner describing The Hartford as providing the annuity, the seller of the receivable purchase agreement was Genex Capital. No rating was provided for that entity in the petition. The Court denied the Third Petition, without prejudice" . Also see my post Greenwald v Caballero-Goehringer | Judge KOs Portrayal of Structured Settlement Derivatives as Structured Settlement
Is March 2010, Thomas D. Begley, Esq. of the Begley Law Group in Morristown, NJ wrote "The companies do not buy the structured settlement annuity itself, but rather buy the right to the income stream".
If structured settlement payment rights are not an annuity (or an obligation of the United States), then they cannot be a "qualified funding asset".
Then the prongs of IRC 130(d) ALL potentially fail.
For purposes of this section, the term “qualified funding asset” means any annuity contract issued by a company licensed to do business as an insurance company under the laws of any State, or any obligation of the United States FAILS because a factored structured settlement payment stream is not an annuity contract, but a receivables purchase agreement under Caballero--Goehringer. Settlement Planner's qualified assignment company is not a company licensed to do business as an insurance company. , if—
such annuity contract or obligation is used by the assignee to fund periodic payments under any qualified assignment, FAILS because a factored structured settlement payment stream is not an annuity contract, but a receivables purchase agreement under Caballero--Goehringer. Settlement Planner's qualified assignment company is not a company licensed to do business as an insurance company.
2,.the periods of the payments under the annuity contract or obligation are reasonably related to the periodic payments under the qualified assignment, and the amount of any such payment under the contract or obligation does not exceed the periodic payment to which it relates, (FAILS because a factored structured settlement payment stream is not an annuity contract, but a receivables purchase agreement under Caballero--Goehringer. Settlement Planner's qualified assignment company is not a company licensed to do business as an insurance company.
3. such annuity contract or obligation is designated by the taxpayer (in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe) as being taken into account under this section with respect to such qualified assignment, FAILS because a factored structured settlement payment stream is not an annuity contract, but a receivables purchase agreement under Caballero--Goehringer. Settlement Planner's qualified assignment company is not a company licensed to do business as an insurance company. and
4. such annuity contract or obligation is purchased by the taxpayer not more than 60 days before the date of the qualified assignment and not later than 60 days after the date of such assignment". FAILS because a factored structured settlement payment stream is not an annuity contract, but a receivables purchase agreement under Caballero--Goehringer. Settlement Planner's qualified assignment company is not a company licensed to do business as an insurance company
Now lets go back to IRC Section 130 (if IRC 130(d) fails, is there a greater tax issue of an attempt to characterize factored structured settlement payments streams as qualified funding asset?
IRC 130(a) In general Any amount received for agreeing to a qualified assignment shall not be included in gross income to the extent that such amount does not exceed the aggregate cost of any qualified funding assets. Does this now FAIL because there has been no purchase of a qualified funding asset? Was the settlement planner's qualified assignment company entitled to a tax exclusion under IRC 130, or did they report the income on its tax return?
IRC 130 (b)Treatment of qualified funding asset In the case of any qualified funding asset—
(1)the basis of such asset shall be reduced by the amount excluded from gross income under subsection (a) by reason of the purchase of such asset, and
(2)any gain recognized on a disposition of such asset shall be treated as ordinary income.
But what about the term "obligation" as a "qualified funding asset"under Internal Revenue Code 130(d)?
Reading the express language of the statute one can clearly see that It refers solely to an obligation of the United States.
This is Qualified Assignment 101 folks. One wonders how many qualified assignments were done this way and what an IRS audit of the books and tax records of the qualified assignment company would turn up?
2. Securities and Exchange Commission/ FINRA investor alert 2013-86 also warns investors who might be attracted to the yield offered by buying the rights to someone else’s pension or structured settlement to be aware that:
- Investors may encounter commissions of seven percent or higher. [Our note: the fees/mark up may or may not be disclosed. There are places to hide fees. Always ask to avoid a steep mark up] "Not surprisingly, the amount paid by the second plaintiff for the recycled payment stream is much greater than what the factoring company paid to the original payee. The factoring company markets the recycled payment stream based on its apparently attractive yield. However, because the recycled payment stream is taxable and also fraught with risk, the deal is not as good as advertised" -Stephen R. Harris, Esq. Cozen O'Connor " Recycled Annuities" a Bad Alternative for Funding a Structured Settlement American Bar Association Journal December 17, 2018.
- Pension and structured settlement income-stream products may or may not be securities and likely are not registered with the SEC.
- These products could be difficult to sell if you need money and want to sell the product.
- Your “rights” to the income stream you purchased could face legal challenges
To jury rig the Qualified Assignment and Release document and misrepresent acquisition of someone else's structured settlement payment stream as a "Qualified Funding Asset(s) is outrageous, to say the least!
- "The settlement planner recently promoted a glossy attorney fee deferral brochure which also refers to these instruments by the tertiary market scam label " secondary market annuities.
- On the one hand, the same glossy brochure cites the seminal case of Childs v Commissioner, in which "the Petitioners never had the right to receive immediate payment, and non fund or property was set aside for petitioners which they could draw on at a time of their choosing", yet the glossy brochure says "Change your investment at any time during deferral". Ohhhhkay.....
- Without the IRC 130 exclusion, If the attorney fee deferral is for more than one year and the factored structured settlement payments were an annuity, which they are not, is there any adverse consequence to the qualified assignment company?
- Again what the settlement planner is peddling as an annuity is not an annuity/ are not annuities.
Worth Reading ‘Recycled Annuity’: A Misleading Phrase For A Risky Investment That No One Should Confuse With A Structured Settlement by Pete Vodola. Vodola is a Connecticut attorney who is intimately familiar with structured settlement factoring tranactions having consulted with and litigated on behalf of annuity issuers on compliance issues related to structured settlement protection acts thrroughout the United States for more than 15 years.
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